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Divine retribution is supernatural punishment to a person, or a group of people, or everyone by a deity in response to some action. Several cultures have a story about how a deity imposed punishment on previous inhabitants of their land, causing their doom.
An example of divine retribution is the story found in many religions about a great flood destroying all of humanity, as described in the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Hindu Vedas, or the Book of Genesis (6:9–8:22), leaving one principal 'chosen' survivor. In the first example, the survivor is Utnapishtim, in the Hindu Vedas, it is Manu, and in the last example, it is Noah. References in the Old Testament and the Quran to a man named Nuh (Noah) who was commanded by God to build an ark also suggest that one man and his followers were saved in a great flood.
Other examples in Bible history include the dispersion of the builders of the Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1–9), the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah[3] (Genesis 18:20–21, 19:23–28) (Quran 7:80–84),[4] and the Ten Plagues visited upon the ancient Egyptians for persecuting the children of Israel (Exodus, Chapters 7–12).
In Greek mythology, the goddess Hera often became enraged when her husband, Zeus, would impregnate mortal women, and would exact divine retribution on the children born of such affairs. In some versions of the myth, Medusa was turned into her monstrous form as divine retribution for her vanity; in others it was a punishment for being raped by Poseidon.
The Bible refers to divine retribution as, in most cases, being delayed or "treasured up" to a future time.[5] Sight of God's supernatural works and retribution would militate against faith in God's Word.[6]
Some religions or philosophical positions have no concept of divine retribution, nor posit a God being capable of or willing to express such human sentiments as jealousy, vengeance, or wrath. For example, in Deism and Pandeism, the creator does not intervene in our Universe at all, either for good or for ill, and therefore exhibits no such behavior. In Pantheism (as reflected in Pandeism as well), God is the Universe and encompasses everything within it, and so has no need for retribution, as all things against which retribution might be taken are simply within God. This view is reflected in some pantheistic or pandeistic forms of Hinduism, as well.
Buddhism
[edit]The concept of divine retribution is resolutely denied in Buddhism. Gautama Buddha did not endorse belief in a creator deity,[7][8] refused to express any views on creation[9] and stated that questions on the origin of the world are worthless.[10][11] The non-adherence[12] to the notion of an omnipotent creator deity or a prime mover is seen by many as a key distinction between Buddhism and other religions, though precise beliefs vary widely from sect to sect and "Buddhism" should not be taken as a single, holistic religious concept.
Buddhists do accept the existence of beings in higher realms (see Buddhist cosmology), known as devas, but they, like humans, are said to be suffering in samsara,[13] and are not necessarily wiser than us. The Buddha is often portrayed as a teacher of the gods,[14] and superior to them.[15] Despite this, there are believed to be enlightened devas.[16] But since there may also be unenlightened devas, there also may be godlike beings who engage in retributive acts, but if they do so, then they do so out of their own ignorance of a greater truth.
Despite this nontheism, Buddhism nevertheless fully accepts the theory of karma, which posits punishment-like effects, such as rebirths in realms of torment, as an invariable consequence of wrongful actions. Unlike in most Abrahamic monotheistic religions, these effects are not eternal, though they can last for a very long time. Even theistic religions do not necessarily see such effects as "punishment" imposed by a higher authority, rather than natural consequences of wrongful action.
Abrahamic Religions
[edit] |
"The wrath of God", an anthropomorphic expression for the attitude which some believe God has towards sin,[17] is mentioned many times in the Bible.
Hebrew Bible
[edit]
Divine retribution is often portrayed in the Tanak or Old Testament.
- Genesis 3:14–24 – Curse upon Adam and Eve and expulsion from the Garden of Eden; Disobedience
- Genesis 4:9–15 – Curse upon Cain after his slaying of his brother, Abel
- Genesis 6–7 – The Great Flood; Rampant evil and Nephilim
- Genesis 11:1–9 – The confusion of languages at the Tower of Babel; To scatter them over the Earth
- Genesis 19:23–29 – Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah; people of no redeeming value
- Genesis 38:6–10 – Destruction of Er and Onan; wickedness in the Lord's sight
- Exodus 7–14 – Plagues of Egypt; to establish his power over that of the gods of Egypt
- Exodus 19:10–25 – Divine threatenings at Mount Sinai; warn that the mountain is off limits and holy
- Exodus 32 – Plagues at the incident of the golden calf; disowning the people for breaking his covenant with them
- Leviticus 10:1–2 – Nadab and Abihu are burned; offering unauthorised fire in their censers
- Leviticus 26:14–39 – Curses upon the disobedient; divine warning
- Numbers 11 – A plague accompanies the giving of manna in the wilderness; rejecting his gracious gift of heavenly food and failing his test of obedience
- Numbers 16 – The rebellion of Korah, Dathan, and Abiram – Their supernatural deaths and the plague that followed; insolence and attempting self-promotion to roles they were unworthy of holding
- Numbers 20:9–13 – Reprimand of Moses at the water of Meribah; disobeying the Lord's instruction, showing distrust and indifference in God's presence
- Numbers 21 – Murmuring of the people and the plague of fiery flying serpent; spurning God's grace
- Numbers 25 – Whoredom with the Moabites and resulting plague; breaching God's covenant through sexual immorality and worshipping other gods
- Deuteronomy 28 – Curses pronounced upon the disobedient; another divine warning
- 1 Samuel 6:19 – some/many men of Beth Shemesh killed; Looking into the Ark of the Covenant
- 2 Samuel 6:1–7 – Uzzah struck dead; Touching the Ark of the Covenant
- 1 Kings 11 – God promises to tear King Solomon's kingdom from his son except for a single tribe; Building altars to other gods for his wives
- Job 14:13 – sending trials to the just man Job
New Testament and Christian thought
[edit]The New Testament associates the wrath of God particularly with imagery of the Last Day, described allegorically in Romans 2:5 as the "day of wrath". The wrath of God is mentioned in at least twenty verses of the New Testament. Examples are:
- John 3:36 – John the Baptist declares that whoever believes in the Son has eternal life; whoever does not obey the Son, or in some English translations, does not believe the Son,[18] shall not see life, but the wrath of God remains on him.[19]
- Acts 5:1 – Ananias and his wife Sapphira are struck dead for holding back some of the proceeds after selling a piece of property
- Romans 1:18 – For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who by their unrighteousness suppress the truth.
- Romans 5:9 – Since, therefore, we have now been justified by his blood, much more shall we be saved by him from the wrath of God.
- Romans 12:19 – Beloved, never avenge yourselves, but leave it to the wrath of God, for it is written, "Vengeance is mine, I will repay, says the Lord."
- Ephesians 5:6 – Let no one deceive you with empty words, for because of these things the wrath of God comes upon the sons of disobedience.
- Revelation 6:17 – For the great day of his wrath has come, and who is able to withstand?
- Revelation 14:19 – So the angel swung his sickle across the earth and gathered the grape harvest of the earth and threw it into the great winepress of the wrath of God.
- Revelation 15:1 – Then I saw another sign in heaven, great and marvelous: seven angels having the seven last plagues, for in them the wrath of God was finished.
- Revelation 19:15 – From his mouth comes a sharp sword with which to strike down the nations, and he will rule them with a rod of iron. He will tread the winepress of the fury of the wrath of God the Almighty.
Eusebius suggests that the final illness and death of Herod the Great was an example of divine punishment for the slaughter of the innocents after the birth of Jesus. Matthew's gospel mentions Herod's death in passing.[20] Josephus gives a more vivid portrayal of his condition and demise.[21]
Heinrich Meyer observes in his consideration of John 3:36 that the wrath of God "remains" on anyone who rejects belief in the Son, meaning that the rejection of faith is not the trigger for God's wrath, it is there already. Their refusal to believe amounts to a refusal to allow the wrath of God to be lifted from them.[22]
Quran
[edit] | This section may require copy editing. (March 2025) |
- 11:40 -Yusuf Ali: People of Nuh (Noah) who were drowned in the flood.
- 54:18-20 and 69:6-8: ād (people of Hud) who God sent a stormy cold wind against them for seven nights and eight Days successively, which killed them all.
- 54:31: Thamud (people of Salih) who killed the miraculous she-camel, so God sent against them several natural disasters, such as a storm and a powerful earthquake, thereby destroying them.
- 11:81-83 and 54:37-38: Sodom and Gomorrah, who because of homosexuality, God turned the town upside down and rained on them stones. Previously when they asked Lut to leave his guests to them in order to commit the shameful act, God blinded their eyes.
- 22:42-44: People of Ibrahim (Abraham) that had divine retribution after denying Ibrahim.
- 11:94 and 16:189: Dwellers of the Cities of Median and Aikah, whom denied prophet Shuaib (Jethro) and in selling didn't give full measure and weight with justice, so an earthquake and blast hit them and killed them all.
- 7:130-133: Pharaoh's people were punished by Years of drought and shortage of crops, and also God sent upon them all sorts of Calamities: The flood, the locusts, The lice, the frogs and the blood, a Succession of Clear Signs representing Allah's Wrath.
- 7:136 Pharaoh and his people, which God Drowned them in the sea, because they Belied his Signs and Miracles and Were heedless about them.
- 28:76-81: Korah was punished due to his extreme arrogance by being swallowed by earth along with all his great material wealth.
- 7:155 and 2:55-56: 70 chosen Israelites who asked for visiting God, and were seized with a thunderbolt, and then were raised to life after death.
- 7:163-165 and 2:65-66: Companions of the Sabbath who became apes, because of breaking the rule of Sabbath and fishing in that day.
- 7:166-167 and 2:83-90: Israelites, when they revoltingly persisted in what they had been forbidden, Lord announced that He would send against them those who would impose the worst torment on them until Resurrection Day.
- 2:59 and 7:162: the wrongdoers of the Israelites changed The word which was stated to them, for an irrelevant word, so God sent Down upon them a plague from the heaven due to their evildoing.
- 5:12: The Israelites breaking their covenant, whom God cursed them and made their hearts Hard, so they change the words of Torah from their right places and have forgotten a part of the Message That was sent to them.
- 10:98 and 37:139-148: People of Yunus(Jonah), whom When they saw the symptoms of Torment, believed God and obeyed him, so he removed from them the Torment in the life of this world. Because Yunus wasn't patient enough and left his people before God tells him to do so, a fish swallowed him; and after he admitted his wrongdoing and glorified God, God accepted his repentance and released him from the fish's belly.
- 34:15-21: People of Saba?(Sheba) whom because of their ingratitude, God afflicted them with a violent flood arising from a broken dam, and destroyed their productive gardens and dispersed the people.
- 50:14 and 44:37: People of Tubba whom were punished by God after denying their prophet.
- 50:12-14 and 25:38: Companions of the Rass that rejected their messenger, so they became subject of Devine torment.
- 68:17–27: Owners of the burnt garden, whom because of not giving to the poor, an Affliction fell upon their garden from your God, And the garden was turned into a black Barren land.
- 18:32–44: The owner of a beautiful garden, whom because of his arrogance and denial of the day of resurrection, an Affliction fell upon their garden from your God, And the garden was ruined on its trellises and its fruits were all destroyed.
- 36:13–29: People of Ya-Sin: After they belied the messengers and killed the believer, there was a single and sudden Divine Outcry and they all became silent and Motionless corpses.
- 105:1-5: Companions of the Elephant who were stoned by birds, because they wanted to destroy the Kaaba.
Alleged modern examples
[edit]Since the 1812 Caracas earthquake occurred on Maundy Thursday while the Venezuelan War of Independence was raging, it was explained by royalist authorities as divine punishment for the rebellion against the Spanish Crown. The archbishop of Caracas, Narciso Coll y Prat, referred to the event as "the terrifying but well-deserved earthquake" which "confirms in our days the prophecies revealed by God to men about the ancient impious and proud cities: Babylon, Jerusalem and the Tower of Babel".[23] This prompted the widely quoted answer of Simón Bolívar: "If Nature is against us, we shall fight Nature and make it obey".[24]
While some Orthodox Jews believed that the Holocaust was divine retribution for sins, this argument has many critics.[25] In contrast, many Germans at the time believed that the bombing of Germany was divine retribution for the November pogrom,[26] although seeing the bombings as divine retribution became less popular after the war.[27]
The 1953 Waco tornado outbreak was regarded by some people in the local African-American community as divine retribution for the lynching of Jesse Washington over thirty years prior.[28]
Various Christian, Jewish and Muslim religious leaders claimed that Hurricane Katrina was God's punishment on America, New Orleans or the world for any of a variety of alleged sins, including abortion, sexual immorality (including the gay pride event Southern Decadence), the policies of the American Empire, failure to support Israel, and failure of black people to study the Torah.[29][30][31]
The 2007 UK floods were claimed by Graham Dow to be God's punishment against homosexuals.[32]
Televangelist Pat Robertson stirred up controversy after claiming that the 2010 Haiti earthquake may have been God's belated punishment on Haitians for allegedly having made a "pact with the Devil" to overthrow the French during the Haitian Revolution.[33] Yehuda Levin, an Orthodox Jewish rabbi, linked the earthquake to gays in the military via an alleged Talmudic teaching that homosexuality causes earthquakes.[34] Levin posted a video onto YouTube the same day as 2011 Virginia earthquake in which he said, "The Talmud states, "You have shaken your male member in a place where it doesn't belong. I too, will shake the Earth". He said that homosexuals shouldn't take it personally: "We don't hate homosexuals. I feel bad for homosexuals. It's a revolt against God and literally, there's hell to pay".[34]
Chaplain John McTernan said that Hurricane Isaac, like Hurricane Katrina, was God's punishment on homosexuals.[32] Buster Wilson of the American Family Association concurred that statement.[34]
McTernan also said that Hurricane Sandy may have been God's punishment against homosexuals. In addition, WorldNetDaily columnist William Koenig, along with McTernan himself, suggested that American support for a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict led to the hurricane.[34]
Malaysian politician Ahmad Zahid Hamidi said the brutal 2018 Central Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami was "God's (Allah) rage against homosexuals in Indonesia because they were allowed to living in Indonesia".[35]
Orthodox rabbi Shmuel Eliyahu said the brutal 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake was "God's tribunal on Turkey and Syria since they were considered anti-Jewish like former Nazi Germany because their support for Palestine".[a][36]
Iraqi Shia cleric Muqtada al-Sadr said the brutal 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake was "God's (Allah) rebuke against Turkey because weak response against the holy book (Quran) burning by right wing extremist groups in Sweden".[37]
ISIS officials said the brutal 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake was "God's (Allah) rage against Turkey for renounced Sharia laws, replaced it with unbeliever (Kuffar) laws and enforced it, adopted unbeliever lifestyles, declared war against ISIS and allied with the army of unbelievers (NATO)" in their propaganda narrative.[38]
Rebuttals
[edit]Orthodox rabbi Shmuley Boteach denounces such claims since they carry the implication of victim blaming,[39] writing that "For many of the faithful, the closer they come to God, the more they become enemies of man." He contrasts the Jewish tradition, which affords a special place to "arguing with God", with an approach to religion that "taught people not to challenge, but to submit. Not to question, but to obey. Not how to stand erect, but to be stooped and bent in the broken posture of the meek and pious."[39] Speaking about the COVID-19 pandemic, Boteach said "I utterly reject and find it sickening when people believe that this is some kind of punishment from God – that really upsets me."[40][41]
A Jesuit priest, James Martin, wrote on Twitter in response to Hurricane Sandy that "If any religious leaders say tomorrow that the hurricane is God's punishment against some group, they're idiots. God's ways are not our ways."[42]
See also
[edit]- Act of God
- Christian eschatology
- Confirmation bias
- Divine judgment
- Divine providence
- Eye for an eye
- Frontier justice
- Just-world fallacy
- Karma
- Collective punishment
- Mills of God
- Nemesis
- Penal substitution
- "Retribution" (poem)
- Retributive justice
- Societal collapse
- Western Christianity
Notes
[edit]- ^ Shmuel Eliyahu did not mentioned Nazi Germany and Palestine on his "God's tribunal" speech but some Orthodox rabbis, particularly Zionists might mentioned Nazi Germany and Palestine on their "God's tribunal" speech as a response to the brutal 2023 Turkey-Syria earthquake.
References
[edit]- ^ Michael Wheeler, Heaven, Hell, and the Victorians, Cambridge University Press, 1994, p.83
- ^ "Web Gallery of Art, searchable fine arts image database". www.wga.hu.
- ^ "Topical Bible: Divine Retribution". biblehub.com. Retrieved 2025-08-07.
- ^ "Surah Al-A'raf [7:80–84]". Surah Al-A'raf [7:80–84].
- ^ Luke 3:7; Romans 2:5
- ^ For we are saved by hope: but hope that is seen is not hope...(Romans 8:24)
- ^ Thera, Nyanaponika. "Buddhism and the God-idea". The Vision of the Dhamma. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society.
In Buddhist literature, the belief in a creator god (issara-nimmana-vada) is frequently mentioned and rejected, along with other causes wrongly adduced to explain the origin of the world; as, for instance, world-soul, time, nature, etc. God-belief, however, is placed in the same category as those morally destructive wrong views which deny the kammic results of action, assume a fortuitous origin of man and nature, or teach absolute determinism. These views are said to be altogether pernicious, having definite bad results due to their effect on ethical conduct.
- ^ Approaching the Dhamma: Buddhist Texts and Practices in South and Southeast Asia by Anne M. Blackburn (editor), Jeffrey Samuels (editor). Pariyatti Publishing: 2003 ISBN 1-928706-19-3 p. 129
- ^ Bhikku Bodhi (2007). "III.1, III.2, III.5". In Access To Insight (ed.). The All Embracing Net of Views: Brahmajala Sutta. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society.
- ^ Thanissaro Bhikku (1997). "Acintita Sutta: Unconjecturable". AN 4.77. Access To Insight.
Conjecture about [the origin, etc., of] the world is an unconjecturable that is not to be conjectured about, that would bring madness & vexation to anyone who conjectured about it.
- ^ Thanissaro Bhikku (1998). "Cula-Malunkyovada Sutta: The Shorter Instructions to Malunkya". Access To Insight.
It's just as if a man were wounded with an arrow thickly smeared with poison. His friends & companions, kinsmen & relatives would provide him with a surgeon, and the man would say, 'I won't have this arrow removed until I know whether the man who wounded me was a noble warrior, a priest, a merchant, or a worker.' He would say, 'I won't have this arrow removed until I know the given name & clan name of the man who wounded me... until I know whether he was tall, medium, or short... The man would die and those things would still remain unknown to him. In the same way, if anyone were to say, 'I won't live the holy life under the Blessed One as long as he does not declare to me that 'The cosmos is eternal,'... or that 'After death a Tathagata neither exists nor does not exist,' the man would die and those things would still remain undeclared by the Tathagata.
- ^ Bhikku, Thanissaro (1997). Tittha Sutta: Sectarians.
Then in that case, a person is a killer of living beings because of a supreme being's act of creation... When one falls back on lack of cause and lack of condition as being essential, monks, there is no desire, no effort [at the thought], 'This should be done. This shouldn't be done.' When one can't pin down as a truth or reality what should & shouldn't be done, one dwells bewildered & unprotected. One cannot righteously refer to oneself as a contemplative.
- ^ John T Bullitt (2005). "The Thirty-one planes of Existence". Access To Insight. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
The suttas describe thirty-one distinct "planes" or "realms" of existence into which beings can be reborn during this long wandering through samsara. These range from the extraordinarily dark, grim, and painful hell realms to the most sublime, refined, and exquisitely blissful heaven realms. Existence in every realm is impermanent; in Buddhist cosmology there is no eternal heaven or hell. Beings are born into a particular realm according to both their past kamma and their kamma at the moment of death. When the kammic force that propelled them to that realm is finally exhausted, they pass away, taking rebirth once again elsewhere, according to their kamma. And so the wearisome cycle continues.
- ^ Susan Elbaum Jootla (1997). "II. The Buddha Teaches Deities". In Access To Insight (ed.). Teacher of the Devas. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society.
Many people worship Maha Brahma as the supreme and eternal creator God, but for the Buddha he is merely a powerful deity still caught within the cycle of repeated existence. In point of fact, "Maha Brahma" is a role or office filled by different individuals at different periods." "His proof included the fact that "many thousands of deities have gone for refuge for life to the recluse Gotama" (MN 95.9). Devas, like humans, develop faith in the Buddha by practicing his teachings." "A second deva concerned with liberation spoke a verse which is partly praise of the Buddha and partly a request for teaching. Using various similes from the animal world, this god showed his admiration and reverence for the Exalted One.", "A discourse called Sakka's Questions (DN 21) took place after he had been a serious disciple of the Buddha for some time. The sutta records a long audience he had with the Blessed One which culminated in his attainment of stream-entry. Their conversation is an excellent example of the Buddha as "teacher of devas," and shows all beings how to work for Nibbana.
- ^ Bhikku, Thanissaro (1997). Kevaddha Sutta. Access To Insight.
When this was said, the Great Brahma said to the monk, 'I, monk, am Brahma, the Great Brahma, the Conqueror, the Unconquered, the All-Seeing, All-Powerful, the Sovereign Lord, the Maker, Creator, Chief, Appointer and Ruler, Father of All That Have Been and Shall Be... That is why I did not say in their presence that I, too, don't know where the four great elements... cease without remainder. So you have acted wrongly, acted incorrectly, in bypassing the Blessed One in search of an answer to this question elsewhere. Go right back to the Blessed One and, on arrival, ask him this question. However he answers it, you should take it to heart.
- ^ "Yidams". www.himalayanart.org.
- ^ Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press 2005 ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3), article wrath of God, the
- ^ John 3:36: NKJV
- ^ John 3:36: English Standard Version
- ^ Matthew 2:19
- ^ Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, 17.6.5, edited by William Whiston, accessed on 25 June 2024
- ^ Meyer, H. A. W. (1880), Meyer's NT Commentary on John 3, translated from the German sixth edition, accessed 8 January 2024
- ^ "Nacimiento de una nación; Terremoto de 1812" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on August 20, 2006.
- ^ "Birth of a World: Bolivar in Terms of His Peoples". Book by Waldo David Frank, p. 55, 1951.
- ^ Lasker, Daniel J. (1997). "Reflection: The Holocaust as Retributive Justice". Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies. 15 (3): 97–105. doi:10.1353/sho.1997.0059. ISSN 1534-5165.
- ^ Bankier, David (1994). "GERMAN PUBLIC AWARENESS OF THE FINAL SOLUTION". The Final Solution. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203206317-20 (inactive 1 July 2025). ISBN 978-0-203-20631-7.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link) - ^ Hughes, M.L. (1 February 2000). "'Through No Fault of Our Own': West Germans Remember Their War Losses". German History. 18 (2): 193–213. doi:10.1191/026635500670467229.
- ^ Carrigan, William D. (2006). The Making of a Lynching Culture: Violence and Vigilantism in Central Texas, 1836–1916. Champaign: University of Illinois Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-252-07430-1.
- ^ Alush, Zvi (7 September 2005). "Rabbi: Hurricane punishment for pullout". Ynetnews.
- ^ NPR: Pastor John Hagee on Christian Zionism. September 18, 2006.
- ^ "Some say natural catastrophe was 'divine judgment'". 4 September 2005.
- ^ a b Dowling, Tim (October 30, 2012). "Superstorm Sandy and many more disasters that have been blamed on the gay community". The Guardian. London.
- ^ "Pat Robertson: Haiti "Cursed" After "Pact to the Devil"". Archived from the original on September 6, 2012.
- ^ a b c d "Fear the almighty wrath: Five natural disasters "caused" by gays". 30 October 2012.
- ^ Aprilia, Keisyah (24 October 2018). "Kaitkan LGBT dengan Gempa-Tsunami di Sulteng, Politisi Malaysia Dikecam" (in Indonesian). BenarNews Indonesia. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
- ^ "Turkey-Syria earthquake: Controversial Israeli rabbi calls disaster 'divine justice'". Middle East Eye. 12 February 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
- ^ "Syria-Turkey earthquake 'divine punishment' for Arabs 'lax response' to Quran burnings: Sadr". The New Arab. 7 February 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
- ^ Botobekov, Uran (27 February 2023). "How ISIS and al-Qaeda Exploit the Earthquake in Turkey to Mobilize Support". Homeland Security Today. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
- ^ a b "The Defiant Man of Faith". www.beliefnet.com.
- ^ Rodney Pratt and Jenny Ky (April 20, 2020). "How to reignite your sexual chemistry during the COVID-19 lockdown". 7News.com.au.
- ^ Beckerman, Jim (April 6, 2020). "The Passover story has new relevance in the age of coronavirus". North Jersey Media Group.
- ^ Menzie, Nicola; Reporter, Christian Post (October 29, 2012). "Hurricane Sandy God's Punishment? Priest Shuts Down Claims as Twitter Users Mock Pat Robertson". The Christian Post.
External links
[edit]- R. G. V. Tasker. The Biblical Doctrine of the Wrath of God
- Gili Kugler, When God Wanted to Destroy the Chosen People: Biblical Traditions and Theology on the Move
- W. L. Craig.True Love: The Doctrine of Divine Retribution
- Herbert W. Byrne. The Wrath of God (2005 ISBN 1-59781-511-X)
